Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs in the human body that regulates various bodily functions through the production and secretion of hormones.
What role do hormones play in the endocrine system?
Hormones act as chemical messengers that influence processes like metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood regulation.
What are the main glands of the endocrine system?
The main glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands.
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland, often called the 'master gland,' regulates various hormones that control many bodily functions.
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
The anterior pituitary produces hormones such as growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin.
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
The thyroid gland regulates the body's metabolism by producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
What are common disorders of the thyroid gland?
Common disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer.
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium release from bones and absorption in the intestines.
What do adrenal glands produce?
Adrenal glands produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone.
What is the function of cortisol?
Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure, and is often referred to as the 'stress hormone.'
What is Addison's disease?
Addison's disease is a disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone.
What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Symptoms include weight gain, high blood pressure, skin changes, and muscle weakness due to prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels.
What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?
The pancreas produces insulin, which is essential for regulating blood sugar levels.
What hormones do reproductive glands produce?
Reproductive glands produce hormones such as testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females.
How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis by regulating internal conditions through hormone signaling in response to external changes.
What is the significance of the nervous system in relation to the endocrine system?
The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper body functioning.
What is synaptic plasticity?
Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, which is essential for learning and memory.
How does cortisol affect memory formulation?
Cortisol enhances memory encoding during stress but chronic high levels can impair memory function.
What is the function of aldosterone?
Aldosterone helps control blood pressure by managing sodium and potassium balance in the blood.
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
The hippocampus is critical for memory formation and is sensitive to cortisol levels.
What lifestyle factors influence cortisol levels?
Factors include sleep quality, diet, physical activity, stress management, and social connections.
What is the impact of chronic stress on cortisol levels?
Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels, which may impair cognitive function and memory.
What is the relationship between adrenaline and aldosterone?
Adrenaline is involved in the 'fight or flight' response, while aldosterone regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
What are the effects of high cortisol levels?
High cortisol levels can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, and a weakened immune system.
What is the importance of regular monitoring in endocrine disorders?
Regular monitoring is essential to manage conditions like Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome effectively.