9th Grade Biology Class Flashcards
What are the three main principles of Cell Theory?
All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic units of life; all cells come from existing cells.
What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Give an example of a prokaryotic organism.
Bacteria.
Give examples of eukaryotic organisms.
Plants and animals.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
The nucleus controls cell activities.
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
Mitochondria.
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
Chloroplasts.
What is the role of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
What is cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid surrounding organelles within a cell.
List the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What are enzymes and what affects their activity?
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Their activity is affected by temperature and pH.
Why is water essential for life processes?
Water is necessary for all life processes and acts as a solvent.
What is passive transport and what are some examples?
Passive transport moves substances across the cell membrane without requiring energy. Examples include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
What is active transport?
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient and requires energy.
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy.
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP (energy).
What are genes?
Genes are the units of heredity made of DNA.
What are alleles?
Alleles are different forms of a gene.
What is genotype?
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., BB, Bb, bb).
What is phenotype?
Phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an organism.
What is a Punnett Square used for?
A Punnett Square is a tool used to predict genetic inheritance.
Name two patterns of inheritance.
Dominant/recessive, codominance, incomplete dominance, or sex-linked traits.
What are mutations?
Mutations are changes in DNA.
What is genetic variation?
Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA among individuals.
What are some sources of genetic variation?
Mutations, crossing over, independent assortment, and sexual reproduction.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes and increases genetic diversity.
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
The Central Dogma describes the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process of copying DNA before cell division.
What is ATP?
ATP is the main energy molecule used by cells.
What is CER used for in science?
CER (Claim, Evidence, Reasoning) is used to support answers when explaining scientific concepts or solving problems.