Mitosis is the process of cell division for somatic (body) cells. It results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Interphase is the stage before mitosis where the cell prepares to divide. During this phase, the cell grows, and its genetic material (DNA) doubles.

In prophase, chromosomes thicken and shorten, becoming visible. The nuclear membrane disappears, and the nucleolus vanishes. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and begin forming spindle fibers.

Meiosis is the process of cell division for gametes (sex cells). It involves two rounds of division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

Like mitosis, meiosis begins after interphase, including DNA replication during the S phase, producing sister chromatids. Centrioles also duplicate and form the meiotic spindle.

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis. Crossing over, an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids, can occur, increasing genetic diversity.

In metaphase I, homologous chromosome pairs align randomly along the metaphase plate. This random alignment, known as independent assortment, contributes significantly to genetic diversity.

Meiosis II resembles mitosis. In anaphase II, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. This results in four haploid daughter cells, which will specialize into gametes.

Genetic diversity in offspring arises from two main sources during meiosis: crossing over in prophase I and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I. This ensures siblings are not identical.