Cellular Respiration Flashcards
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What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that cells use to convert nutrients into energy, primarily producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
The three main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
What happens during glycolysis?
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria of cells.
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation, forming water and enabling the production of a large amount of ATP.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in all living organisms.
How is ATP generated?
ATP is generated through cellular respiration and photosynthesis in plants, continuously being regenerated from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate.
What is the significance of ATP in muscle contraction?
ATP is crucial for muscle contraction as it provides the energy needed for cross-bridge cycling and the active transport of calcium ions.
What is the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces high-energy molecules such as NADH and FADH2, as well as carbon dioxide as a waste product.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using the electron transport chain and a proton gradient.
What is the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule?
The total maximum ATP yield from one glucose molecule is around 36-38 ATP.
What occurs during anaerobic respiration?
During anaerobic respiration, cells can undergo fermentation, producing either lactate in muscle cells or ethanol in yeast cells, along with 2 ATP.
Who discovered ATP?
ATP was discovered by German chemist Karl Lohmann in 1929.
What is the role of ATP in signal transduction?
ATP acts as a substrate for kinases, transferring phosphate groups to proteins and modifying their activity in signal transduction pathways.
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
What is the importance of iron in cellular respiration?
Iron is essential for cellular respiration as it plays a vital role in oxygen transport and various enzymatic reactions.
What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?
After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria.
What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
Calcium ions are necessary for muscle contraction as they bind to proteins that allow myosin to interact with actin.
What is the significance of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP?
High-energy phosphate bonds in ATP are crucial for energy transfer within cells, allowing ATP to release energy when hydrolyzed.
How does the body regulate iron levels?
The body regulates iron levels through mechanisms controlling iron absorption, recycling, and loss to maintain homeostasis.
What is the relationship between ATP and homeostasis?
ATP is vital for maintaining cellular functions and overall homeostasis by providing the energy required for various biochemical processes.
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